Category Archives: NotebookLM

The Art of the Fall: Lessons in Resilience from a Man Who Calls Failure His “Sweetest Moment”

Introduction: The Paradox of a Sweet Failure

పడిలేచే కెరటం; image by author and Nano Google

In a world obsessed with success, we are taught to fear failure—to see it as an end, a mark of shame, a final verdict on our worth. But what if our most profound moments of growth are not found on the winner’s podium, but in the depths of our most spectacular falls? This is the startling philosophy of Akella Raghavendra, an educator and mentor who describes the two biggest setbacks of his life—failing his final civil services exam and a debilitating accident that left him bedridden—as his “sweetest moments.”

His story is that of a padi lechina keratam—a wave that crashes only to rise again, stronger and with greater purpose. It is a masterclass in resilience, a powerful testament to the idea that adversity is not an obstacle to be avoided but a crucible in which our true purpose is forged. This journey reveals how we can reframe our greatest disappointments, find strength in unexpected places, and turn the raw material of failure into a foundation for a more meaningful life. It reminds us of a fundamental truth about perspective:

“It’s only after we’ve lost everything that we’re free to do anything.” – Fight Club

Let’s explore the arc of a man who had to lose his dream to discover his destiny.

1. The Dream That Wasn’t Meant to Be

Youthful ambition is a powerful catalyst. It gives us a direction, a North Star to navigate the chaotic early years of our careers. Even when that star leads us to a dead end, the journey itself imparts invaluable lessons. For Akella Raghavendra, this journey began in his tenth-grade year when he set his sights on one of three prestigious paths: becoming an IAS officer, a journalist, or working in cinema.

He poured himself into the first of these dreams, dedicating four years to preparing for the grueling Indian Administrative Service (IAS) exams. His hard work paid off, carrying him all the way to the final interview stage in 1999. But his ambition was cut short just shy of the finish line—he missed the mark by a mere 12 marks. Faced with this setback, he pivoted to his second goal, joining the renowned Eenadu School of Journalism. Yet, after three years in the field, a difficult truth emerged. He realized he wasn’t suited for the profession, acknowledging that he lacked the necessary public relations skills to truly thrive. This period of searching led him to a profound self-awareness, a principle that would guide his future endeavors.

“My strength is knowing my weakness. I know what I cannot do better than what I can do.”

This honest self-assessment closed the door on his initial ambitions but, unknowingly, cleared the path for him to stumble upon his true calling.

2. Stumbling Into Destiny

Life’s most significant opportunities often emerge not from meticulous plans but from the quiet hum of happy accidents. While our carefully constructed blueprints may crumble, destiny has a way of revealing itself in the rubble. For Raghavendra, this revelation came in a form he never anticipated. The study notes he had diligently prepared for his own IAS attempt were published as a series of books by Vijetha Competitions, a popular magazine for aspirants.

Though he had moved on to a career in journalism, his work began to take on a life of its own. In a pivotal turn of events, successful candidates who had used his books started crediting him by name in their post-result interviews. Soon, coaching centers took notice and began inviting him to deliver guest lectures. He stepped into a classroom for the first time, not as a student, but as a guide. In that moment, everything clicked.

“The first day I taught a class, my friend, I knew why I was born. I realized, ‘Oh, so this is what I am meant to do.'”

It was a moment of profound clarity, where the accumulated knowledge from a “failed” dream found its true purpose. He hadn’t just found a new job; he had discovered his reason for being, a feeling that echoes the timeless wisdom on finding one’s path.

“Your focus determines your reality.” – Qui-Gon Jinn, Star Wars: The Phantom Menace

However, this newfound purpose would soon be tested by a series of trials that would demand more resilience than he could have ever imagined.

3. Forged in Fire: The “Sweetest” Setbacks

Profound adversity has a unique way of shaping character. It strips away the non-essential, clarifies our values, and reveals a depth of strength we never knew we possessed. For Raghavendra, setbacks were not obstacles to be overcome but crucibles that forged his identity. He identifies two major crises as his life’s “sweetest moments,” viewing them not as curses but as gifts.

  1. The Accident (2002): Just four days before his birthday, a severe accident left him bedridden for six months. In the hospital, distraught by his condition, a doctor offered him a life-altering perspective. She told him that based on his injuries, he should have lost his eyes. “Your eyes were supposed to be lost,” she said, “you are lucky to have only broken a leg.” This reframing transformed his perception of the event from a tragedy into a fortunate escape.
  2. The Career Collapse (2007-08): Years later, after establishing a successful coaching career, the chairman of the Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission (APPSC) made a sweeping change: he removed optional subjects from the exam syllabus. These subjects were the very core of what Raghavendra taught. In his own words, the decision “cut the branch he was sitting on.” This forced him into a period of professional exile, which he refers to as his agnathavasam (అజ్ఞాతవాసం). The term, drawn from the Mahabharata, refers to the year the Pandava princes had to live in incognito exile—a period of hidden struggle essential for their future victory.

He believes these periods of forced inactivity were gifts from nature. They gave him the time and space for deep self-reflection, forcing him to reinvent himself and broaden his skills. He learned to embrace a philosophy of turning pain into power, beautifully captured in a line by the legendary Telugu lyricist Veturi.

“Wounds must become songs.” (గాయాలే గేయాలై పలకాలి / Gaayale geyalai palakali)

His resilience framework is also built on a startlingly counterintuitive principle: gratitude for his enemies. He believes that friends offer comfort, but adversaries provide the friction necessary for growth. They keep him alert, reveal strengths he never knew he had, and ignite a powerful drive (kasi) to work harder. For him, “betrayals and taunts are the foundational sources for accolades” (చీత్కారాలే… సత్కారాలు పొందడానికి ఆది మూలాలు). During these difficult times, he leaned on two other foundational pillars for support: mentorship and literature.

4. The Anchors in the Storm: Mentorship and Literature

During life’s inevitable storms, having intellectual and emotional anchors is not a luxury but a strategic necessity. They provide the stability needed to navigate uncertainty and the wisdom to see beyond the immediate crisis. For Raghavendra, these anchors were a revered mentor and the timeless solace of Telugu literature.

4.1. The Guru’s Words

In 2001, in a moment of serendipity, Raghavendra secured a rare interview with the legendary lyricist Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry, who would become his guru. The meeting was only possible because a colleague’s brother, the film director V.N. Aditya, put in a good word for him. During his periods of struggle, Sastry offered him advice that was both simple and profound, cutting through the fog of self-doubt and confusion with clarifying force.

“You are fighting a war for yourself. If you do it, you gain; if you don’t, you lose. So stop the confusion and just get to work.”

This no-nonsense wisdom helped Raghavendra reframe his struggles not as victimhood but as a personal battle he was uniquely equipped to win. His admiration for Sastry was so deep that he later named his daughter Sirivennela and authored a book analyzing the philosophical depth of his mentor’s songs.

4.2. The Poet’s Solace

When faced with business betrayals and severe financial hardship, Raghavendra found his ultimate refuge in the pages of Telugu literature. During periods of intense pain, when he felt backstabbed by those he trusted, poetry became his primary emotional survival mechanism. He believes that classical texts offer a unique form of companionship, providing solace and perspective that transcends the need for external validation. Engaging with literature, he argues, is a powerful tool for personal development.

  • Improved memory and pronunciation, as the intricate meters and sounds of poetry train the mind.
  • Increased self-confidence, stemming from a mastery of language and a connection to a rich intellectual tradition.
  • A deeper connection to culture and history, providing a sense of belonging and perspective.
  • The strength to endure hardship, as the stories and philosophies within the texts offer timeless lessons in resilience.

“Words are, in my not-so-humble opinion, our most inexhaustible source of magic.” – Albus Dumbledore, Harry Potter

Armed with the wisdom of his mentor and the strength drawn from literature, Raghavendra developed a professional philosophy that was as unique as his personal journey.

5. Redefining Success: A Counterintuitive Coaching Philosophy

The world of competitive exam coaching is a high-stakes, high-pressure industry often driven by aggressive marketing and the promise of guaranteed success. Akella Raghavendra’s approach stands in stark contrast to this conventional wisdom, prioritizing integrity and the student’s long-term well-being over commercial metrics. Each of his principles is a direct lesson from his own life.

  1. Knowledge Over Ranks: His core belief is that sincere preparation yields one of two positive outcomes: you either become an IAS officer, or you become a knowledgeable citizen equipped to contribute to society in other meaningful ways. Having seen his own IAS knowledge become the foundation for a new career, he knows firsthand that sincere effort is never wasted.
  2. Honesty in Advertising: In a striking departure from industry norms, he has never used photographs or testimonials of his successful students in marketing materials. He believes this practice creates false promises and refuses to sell a dream he himself was denied.
  3. A Focus on the Fallen: On the day exam results are announced, his first priority is not to celebrate the winners but to support those who didn’t make the list. Having known the sting of falling short himself, his first instinct is to comfort those who share that experience. He releases a video specifically for the students who failed, offering them encouragement and perspective.
  4. The Self-Declaration Form: Before joining his institute, every student is required to sign a unique self-declaration form. In it, they explicitly acknowledge that Raghavendra does not promise a rank and that their success is ultimately dependent on their own hard work. This reflects his own hard-won understanding that true growth comes from self-reliance, not external guarantees.

This ethical framework redefines success not as a rank, but as the sincere pursuit of knowledge and personal growth. It’s a philosophy that extends beyond the classroom into his broader message for navigating the complexities of modern life.

6. The Final Lesson: Staying Human in a Digital World

In an age of overwhelming technology and information overload, the challenge is no longer just about succeeding, but about staying grounded and maintaining our humanity. Raghavendra believes that as we become more technologically connected, we risk becoming more personally disconnected—from ourselves, from each other, and from the simple principles that define a well-lived life. He offers three powerful recommendations for parents and children alike to navigate this new world.

  1. Disconnect to Reconnect: He advocates for practicing a “Silent Sunday” or dedicating regular, intentional time away from all technology. This digital detox is essential for fostering self-reflection, encouraging genuine human connection, and quieting the external noise so we can hear our own inner voice.
  2. Find a Mentor: With an infinite sea of information at our fingertips, the need for a trusted guide has never been greater. A mentor or coach can help navigate the overwhelming choices, filter the noise, and provide the personalized wisdom that algorithms cannot offer.
  3. Practice Being Human: He deconstructs “humanity” into a series of simple, conscious acts that separate us from our primal instincts. This includes offering a smile to a stranger, using refined and respectful language, and understanding the appropriate context for our behavior—whether it’s our dress, our etiquette, or our communication. It is in these small, daily choices that we affirm our humanity.

His final piece of advice is a poignant reminder of this ongoing effort, drawing from a Telugu rendering of a verse by the poet Ghalib that speaks volumes about the human condition.

“Everything is not easily achieved; how difficult it is for a man to be human.”

In the end, Akella Raghavendra’s story is not just about bouncing back from failure. It is about falling with grace, rising with purpose, and learning that the sweetest victories are often found on the other side of our greatest defeats.

References:

Akella Raghavendra Interview with Madhusudhan

The Tata Motors Demerger: 3 Surprising Twists You Didn’t See Coming

image by author and Perplexity.ai

Introduction: The Split That Sparked More Questions Than Answers

Tata Motors, a household name in the automotive industry, recently split its operations into two separate, publicly traded companies: one for passenger vehicles and another for commercial vehicles. On the surface, this is a classic corporate move, a strategic demerger designed to “unlock value,” create more focused businesses, and enhance shareholder returns.

But what happens when a move designed for clarity creates unexpected risks and confusing questions? The reality of the Tata Motors demerger is far more complex and surprising than the official announcements suggest. This article explores three crucial insights that reveal the hidden intricacies of this major corporate restructuring, offering a deeper understanding for anyone interested in business strategy or the future of Tata Motors.

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1. Splitting Up Made One Half Weaker: The Jaguar Land Rover Paradox

A demerger is a controlled, deliberate act of corporate engineering, designed to create two strong, independent entities. The expectation was that both new companies would emerge with a clear focus and a solid financial footing. In fact, rating agency S&P Global initially expected the demerger to be “neutral” to the company’s credit rating.

The reality proved to be a sharp, counter-intuitive reversal. Immediately following the split, the new passenger vehicle company, Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles (TMPV), received a ‘negative’ outlook from S&P. The core reason is a matter of strategic concentration: with the stable commercial vehicle business spun off, TMPV’s earnings are now overwhelmingly dependent on its subsidiary, Jaguar Land Rover (JLR), which accounts for over 80% of its income.

This heightened dependency was dangerously exposed when JLR, an external entity, was hit by a chaotic event: a severe cyberattack that halted its global production for over a month. The financial fallout, as analyzed by S&P, directly weakens the new TMPV entity:

  • Projected revenue decline of 15%-18% for JLR in fiscal 2026.
  • Projected EBITDA margins are expected to fall to 3%-5% in fiscal 2026, a sharp drop from 7.6%.
  • Weakened credit metrics for TMPV, with its net debt to EBITDA ratio projected to rise to 2.5x-3.0x.
  • A dramatic fall in cash flow, with the Funds From Operations (FFO) to debt ratio projected to weaken to 15%-25%, down from over 100% in fiscal 2025.

The strategic dissonance is stark: a controlled corporate action designed to streamline operations has instead magnified the financial risk posed by a chaotic external event, making the new passenger vehicle company more vulnerable to disruptions at its luxury subsidiary.

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2. The Great Name Swap: Why ‘Tata Motors’ Isn’t What You Think It Is

The process of renaming the companies involved in the demerger appears, at first glance, to be needlessly convoluted. Consider these steps:

  1. The original, publicly traded company, Tata Motors Limited (TML), has been officially renamed Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles Limited (TMPV).
  2. The new, spun-off commercial vehicle business is named TML Commercial Vehicles Limited (TMLCV).
  3. The final twist: the plan is for TMLCV to eventually be renamed back to the original Tata Motors Limited.

This wasn’t an error, but a masterclass in corporate realpolitik. If the goal was to keep the iconic ‘Tata Motors’ name for the commercial vehicle business, why not simply spin off the passenger vehicle unit?

The answer lies in the hidden complexities of global M&A. Demerging the passenger vehicle business—which includes the UK-based Jaguar Land Rover—would have been far more complex due to international regulations. By renaming the existing listed entity and demerging the purely domestic commercial vehicle business, the company chose the path of least legal and logistical resistance. This calculated move reveals that for a global giant, the internal plumbing of a deal often matters more than the public-facing label, prioritizing operational simplicity over branding clarity.

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3. Your New Shares Arrived… With a Mystery Price Tag

For existing Tata Motors shareholders, the demerger brought a tangible but perplexing change to their portfolios. Shareholders on the record date of October 14, 2025, were deemed eligible, and the new TMLCV shares were credited to their demat accounts on October 16.

The problem was one of “phantom value.” While the new TMLCV shares appeared in shareholder accounts, they were listed under an “inactive stocks” category with no price assigned. This created a period of uncertainty where investors held an asset of unknown worth. In the absence of an official price, the market itself derived an implied value for the new commercial vehicle shares. Here’s how:

  • The pre-demerger closing price of the original Tata Motors was ₹660.75.
  • After the demerger, the now-separate passenger vehicle company (TMPV) opened for trading at ₹400.
  • The market inferred that the difference of ₹260.75 per share represented the “residual value” of the yet-to-be-listed commercial vehicle business.

However, this remains just a market estimate. Professional analysts’ predictions for the actual listing price vary widely, from ₹300 to as high as ₹470 per share. This range isn’t arbitrary; it reflects a strategic valuation process. For instance, some analysts arrive at a valuation of around ₹400 per share by benchmarking the business against peers like Ashok Leyland. Furthermore, the business holds a key future catalyst: the planned integration of Iveco Group NV in fiscal 2027, which will expose it to the global commercial vehicle cycle. For shareholders, the true value of their new asset remains a mystery until it officially begins trading.

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Conclusion: A Clearer Path or a More Complicated Journey?

The Tata Motors demerger serves as a powerful case study in corporate strategy. A move intended to create clarity and unlock value has instead revealed surprising complexities. The three key takeaways—the magnified financial dependency on JLR, the strategically convoluted name swap, and the temporary valuation uncertainty for shareholders—paint a picture of a restructuring that is far from simple.

Ultimately, corporate restructuring is rarely as straightforward as it appears on paper. As both new companies now navigate their independent paths, the ultimate question remains: did this complex split truly unlock long-term value, or just rearrange the pieces of an even more intricate puzzle?

Andrej Karpathy: We’re Summoning AI Ghosts, Not Building Animals — And 3 Other Surprising Truths

image by author and grok

It’s nearly impossible to escape the constant stream of AI hype. Daily announcements can make it feel like superintelligence is just around the corner. But for those in the trenches building these systems, the reality is far more complex. Andrej Karpathy, a renowned AI engineer who has led teams at both OpenAI and Tesla, approaches the field with an engineer’s “hard hat on,” offering a perspective that is deeply technical, refreshingly grounded, and often surprising.

In a recent conversation with Dwarkesh Patel, Karpathy broke down the practical realities of building AI today. This article distills four of his most counter-intuitive and impactful ideas—lessons learned from the front lines that cut through the hype and reveal the true state of artificial intelligence.

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1. We’re Summoning Ghosts, Not Building Animals

It’s common to hear AI models compared to human or animal brains, but Karpathy argues this analogy is fundamentally flawed. He proposes a different way to think about the intelligence we’re creating, one grounded in engineering reality.

Animals are products of a long, slow evolution that bakes immense capability directly into their hardware. A newborn zebra, for instance, can run and follow its mother minutes after birth—a feat of complexity that isn’t learned, but inherited. Karpathy notes that we simply don’t know how to run that optimization process.

Instead, we have what he calls a “crappy evolution”: pre-training. It’s the messy, imitation-based process we have to use because it’s the only practical version available to us. This results not in evolved creatures, but in what Karpathy calls “ghosts” or “spirits.” They are ethereal, purely digital entities whose entire nature is a compressed, “hazy recollection of the internet documents” they were trained on.

This distinction is crucial. It reframes our expectations and research, moving away from strict biomimicry and toward understanding the unique properties of an intelligence born from imitating a vast, static collection of human data.

In my post, I said we’re not building animals. We’re building ghosts or spirits or whatever people want to call it, because we’re not doing training by evolution. We’re doing training by imitation of humans and the data that they’ve put on the Internet.

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2. Today’s Reinforcement Learning Is “Terrible”

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a key technique for improving AI models, but Karpathy offers a blunt critique of how it currently works, labeling the process “terrible,” “noisy,” and “stupid.”

The standard approach is outcome-based. A model attempts a problem (like a math equation) in hundreds of ways. It then looks at which attempts produced the correct answer and reinforces every single step taken in those successful paths.

Karpathy finds this incredibly inefficient because it incorrectly up-weights every step in a successful chain—including inefficient detours, lucky guesses, and outright mistakes—as long as the final outcome was correct. It rewards luck as much as skill.

A human, by contrast, engages in a “complicated process of review.” We reflect on our strategy, identifying which specific parts were effective and which were flawed, not just the final result. This flaw in AI learning reveals the urgent need for better supervision methods and is a major reason models still struggle with complex, multi-step reasoning.

The way I like to put it is you’re sucking supervision through a straw. You’ve done all this work that could be a minute of rollout, and you’re sucking the bits of supervision of the final reward signal through a straw… It’s just stupid and crazy. A human would never do this.

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3. AI Is Surprisingly Bad at Writing Novel Code

Coding is often hailed as AI’s biggest success story, but Karpathy’s recent experience building nanochat—a ChatGPT clone from scratch—reveals a more nuanced reality. He identifies three types of users today: those who reject LLMs, “vibe coders” who ask an agent to write entire features, and “intermediate” users like himself, who rely on autocomplete but remain the architect. From this pragmatic sweet spot, he identified a critical weakness.

LLMs excel at writing boilerplate code and implementing patterns common on the internet. However, they struggle profoundly with code that has “never been written before” or deviates from standard conventions. When Karpathy implemented a custom gradient synchronization, the models repeatedly failed to understand his intent. They kept trying to add defensive “try-catch statements” and turn his focused project into a bloated “production code base,” producing a “total mess.”

This firsthand experience directly informs his skepticism about the “year of agents.” If today’s agents, with their many “cognitive deficits,” produce “slop” when faced with a simple custom implementation, they are nowhere near ready to autonomously innovate on AI research itself. For true novelty, human architects remain essential.

They’re not very good at code that has never been written before, maybe it’s one way to put it, which is what we’re trying to achieve when we’re building these models.

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4. For True Intelligence, Perfect Memory Is a Bug, Not a Feature

One of an LLM’s most powerful capabilities is its ability to memorize and regurgitate vast amounts of training data verbatim. In a deeply counter-intuitive turn, Karpathy argues this is not a strength but a fundamental weakness—and it’s a direct consequence of their nature as digital ghosts.

Because their entire existence is based on pattern-matching a static dataset, this powerful memory distracts the model from its more important task: learning the generalizable, abstract patterns within the data. It’s a crutch that prevents the model from being forced to develop deeper reasoning.

This stands in stark contrast to human cognition. Our famously imperfect memory is a feature, not a bug. Because we can’t remember everything perfectly, our brains are forced to compress information, find underlying patterns, and “see the forest for the trees.” This compression is the foundation of true understanding.

The implication is profound. Karpathy suggests future research must find ways to strip away rote knowledge to isolate what he calls the “cognitive core”—the pure algorithms of thought. He speculates this core could be much smaller, potentially only a billion parameters, if it weren’t so burdened by the need to memorize the entire internet.

We’re not actually that good at memorization, which is actually a feature. Because we’re not that good at memorization, we’re forced to find patterns in a more general sense. LLMs in comparison are extremely good at memorization… and it’s probably very distracting to them in a certain sense.

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Conclusion: The Long March of the Builder

Andrej Karpathy’s insights reveal a coherent picture from the engineering front lines. We are building digital “ghosts” whose nature—a hazy recollection of the internet—makes them prone to a perfect-yet-distracting memory. We then try to improve them with “terrible” learning methods that reward luck as much as skill. It’s no surprise, then, that these systems falter at true novelty.

His perspective is that of a practical builder: deeply optimistic about what AI can become, but soberly realistic about the immense challenges. Getting from a cool demo to a reliable product is a “march of nines,” where every step of improvement requires monumental effort. Fundamental discoveries about learning, reasoning, and intelligence are yet to be made.

As we continue to build these powerful new forms of intelligence, Karpathy’s insights push us to ask a crucial question: Are we merely trying to build a better tool, or are we trying to create a better thinker?

Reference Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXUZvyajciY